Comprehensive Review and Future Research Directions on ICT Standardisation

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The importance of the collected articles was assessed in order to keep the most relevant articles from a huge number of collected academic papers. Furthermore, the included articles were classified using two criteria: (1) initial screening to find relevant results; and (2) three iterations in the filtering process to remove redundant and duplicated articles.

As previously stated, an article was excluded if it did not meet the following selection criteria: (1) the English language was not used to write the paper; (2) Standard and/or Standardization were the focus of the paper; and (3) the research interest in the paper was only focused on Standard without Information and Communications Technology. Furthermore, after the second exclusion cycle, the articles could be removed if: (1) the contribution of the paper did not consider any aspects of Standard on Information and Communications Technology; or (2) the discussion in the paper was solely focused on Standard on Information and Communications Technology and did not consider any other topic.

In this effort, papers were filtered extensively before being classified into five groups based on the proposed methodologies for and future research plans on standardisation. The categories were: (1) review and surveys, (2) computer communication networks Standard, (3) smart technology standard, (4) security techniques standard, and (5) health informatics standard. Subsequently, further subcategorization was performed according to the authors’ writing and presentation of the articles to readers.

Our findings are shown in Figure 3, where we found 2772 research papers based on user searches, of which 1128 were found in WOS, 551 in IEEE, and 1093 in ACM digital libraries. The chosen articles were all released between 2013 and 2023. Then, these articles were split into three groups: (1) the 663 redundant articles; (2) the 1358 irrelevant articles based on the titles and abstracts; and (3) the 216 articles that met the standards for ICT search criteria.

The statistics for the various categories listed above for the articles about ICT standardization are shown in Figure 4. In the figure, it can be seen that the 216 articles from the three databases were divided into review and surveys (27), computer communication networks standard (126), smart technology standard (19), security techniques standard (19), and health informatics standard (25).

Figure 4 depicts the statistics for the publications published between 2013 and 2023. The figure depicts the number of research articles published in each of the five categories for each year. It can be noted that forty-four papers were published in the early years, such as 2013. Between 2014 and 2018, the figure gradually climbed, rising from twenty-five in 2018 to twenty-seven in 2019. From 2020 onwards, the number of publications remained stable until 2023, when the number of publications reached 32 research articles. This demonstrates a growing study tendency toward the Standardization notion.

We created a Standardization taxonomy representation of the current literature in light of comprehensive Standardization, which has been produced in recent years, as shown in Figure 5. The presented approach consisted of several Standardization, including Systems and software engineering in Standard, Computer-Communication Networks Standard, Smart technology Standard, Security Techniques Standard and Health informatics Standard. explaining the proposed system in detail with the help of a block diagram:

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Review and Survey Articles

Recently published survey and review articles have provided a comprehensive description and summary of the current state-of-the-art in standardization and its applications. The research reviewed the technological hurdles and standardisation considerations. This category’s twenty-seven articles were broken into seven subcategories. Their representative surveys of these standardisation studies are described and discussed below:

RQ2. What are the main goals, vision, and trends for standardisation, and what research may be highlighted in this field?

Systems and software engineering standard

The analysis and research documentation provides an overview of the current understanding of standardization in systems and software engineering technology readiness.

Programming languages standard

A programming language standard is a formal document that specifies the syntax and semantics of a particular programming language. Typically, when discussing real-world languages, this document entails a detailed explanation using easily understandable language rather than formal semantics expressed in mathematical terms.

Two articles[12], [13] were presented that conducted a survey on real-time distribution middleware, focusing on its adherence to standards and its impact on the industry. The objective of these articles was to offer technicians and domain experts a comprehensive understanding of this field, while also highlighting important unresolved matters and suggesting potential avenues for future research. It also discusses the preliminary measures implemented in the utilization of distribution standards in high-integrity systems. The survey concludes by providing a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these various approaches. It also highlights any unresolved matters, significant challenges, and potential avenues for future research.

Other articles [14] provided a more detailed account of the early history, placing a significant emphasis on hygienic macros. These articles then proceed to chronicle the subsequent advancements, widespread adoption, and profound impact of hygienic and partially hygienic macro technology in the context of Scheme. The story prominently explores the dynamic relationship between the inclination towards standardization and the advancement of algorithms.

Software Reuse standard

Other subjects in this section Standardization of software reuse results in increased reliability, productivity, quality, and cost savings. Current reuse strategies focus on the reuse of software artifacts, which is based on projected functionality, but the non-functional (quality) side is also significant.

An article [15] was published that provides an expert review of a framework that has been developed for the implementation of a novel testing approach known as taxonomy-based testing (TBT) in the domain of medical device software. This framework presents three methodologies for implementing TBT and has undergone validation by experts from the software testing industry and the medical device software domain.

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on multiple software engineering standards issued by the institute of electrical and electronics engineers standard association[16]. An investigation was conducted on software engineering standards to identify the factors and sub-factors that may contribute to diverse situations among members of software development teams. Consequently, a total of 12 factors, along with 52 sub-factors, have been identified as potential contributors to diverse situations among members of software development teams.

Software life cycle processes standard

The implementation of standardized system lifecycle processes as a means of enhancing efficiency is centered on attaining a consistent level of delivery at the enterprise level throughout every stage of the lifecycle. Furthermore, a standardized approach to system lifecycle management not only offers a structure for effectively overseeing individual systems-related tasks, but also enables the organization to gain comprehensive insight into the utilization of system-related resources, financial aspects, and project progress at an organizational level.

Two articles [17], [18] have been conducted on the topics of governance, management, conceptualization, evaluation, elaboration, and enablement. The set consists of 45 activities, each containing a specified number of tasks ranging from five to eight. This standard can serve as a fundamental basis for organizational training and guidebooks pertaining to architecture management and development. A preliminary version of the model’s architecture and its components has been constructed, yielding partial results. The model has been developed based on key references and best practices identified for Agile Governance during the course of this research.

The author of the study [19] employs a SLR methodology to identify and analyze the strategic process improvement (SPI) initiatives within small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) software firms. The findings indicate that a significant proportion of software process improvement initiatives within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are implemented in the regions of America and Europe. The SPI initiative was exclusively considered in Hong Kong, a country located in Asia, where the CMM Fast-Track model was developed. Numerous proposals have been put forth regarding Software Process Improvement (SPI) initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) software firms.

Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) standard

The topics covered in this document include general guidelines, planning and management, system and software quality models, data quality models, quality measurement frameworks, quality measure elements, framework evaluation processes, evaluation guides, evaluation modules, testing, and common industry formats.

An article [20] has proposed a software evaluation method that relies on users’ feedback, utilizing the data stored in the help desk’s database system. The procedure involves analyzing the help desk’s inquiries during a designated time frame, identifying the root causes of issues, and suggesting enhancements to the product and methodologies that could mitigate similar inquiries in the future. The analysis is conducted using the ISO9126 quality model and incorporates the utilization of ISO 31010 tools to identify the underlying causes of system issues within the production environment.

Smart technology standard

The term "smart" pertains to the various formats, processes, and tools that are essential for facilitating user interaction with standards. This interaction can involve both human and technology-based users. These digital solutions cater to the requirements of various stakeholders, including industry players, regulators, end users, and society.

Internet of Things (IoT) Standard

The IoT has challenges due to the lack of standards because it makes it challenging for various systems and devices to collaborate and communicate effectively. It is difficult to create a universal standard that functions across all IoT devices since they can employ a wide range of communication protocols and data formats and are produced by numerous different vendors.

This article [21] focused on strategies to improve digitization and standardization within the context of Industry 4.0. This review examines both traditional and recent advancements in IIoT technologies, frameworks, and solutions that aim to enhance interoperability among various components within the IIoT ecosystem. Also engaged in discussions regarding various interoperable IIoT standards, protocols, and models that can be utilized to digitize the industrial revolution.

Blockchain standard

Blockchain is a decentralized, immutable database for tracking assets and transactions in corporate networks. It enables the recording and trading of value, reducing risk and increasing efficiency. This paper summarizes blockchain standardization.

An article [22] was presented that offers a comprehensive review of grid and prosumer blockchain applications, while also highlighting the standard development activities conducted by the IEEE SA. The review indicates that blockchain technology in the energy sector is in a state of maturation and holds potential for application across various domains within the power and energy industry. It has the capacity to facilitate the advancement of diverse modern grid technologies.

Smart Grids standard

A smart grid is an electricity network that monitors and manages the conveyance of power from all generation sources in order to satisfy the shifting electricity demands of end users. The number of successful smart grid initiatives continues to expand, with each project ranging in scale and complexity.

Articles [23] on using IEC 61850 with the IEC 61499 reference model for distributed automation and creating a Smart Grids Compliance Profile. The IEC 61850 power utility automation standard ensures strong interoperability, which Smart Grids and its devices and parts need.

Security techniques standard

The goals of standardization are uniformity, tracability, and repeatability. By always using the same security methods across all work, security knows what has been protected and what hasn’t. This lets them know if they need to take extra steps and lets them know if there are any exceptions. Standardizing security policies can take many forms, such as legal compliance, access controls, acceptable use policies, security as code, and automation, to name a few.

Cybersecurity and privacy protection standard

A cybersecurity standard refers to a collection of guidelines or best practices that organizations can adopt in order to enhance their cybersecurity stance. Organizations have the opportunity to leverage cybersecurity standards in order to effectively identify and implement suitable measures for safeguarding their systems and data against potential cyber threats. Standards can also offer valuable guidance regarding the appropriate actions to take in response to and mitigate the impact of cybersecurity incidents.

One article [24] described the outcomes of implementing different lattice-based authentication algorithms on smart cards and a microcontroller often found in smart cards. Only a handful of the proposed lattice-based authentication protocols may be implemented utilizing the restricted resources of such small devices; however, cutting-edge ones are sufficiently efficient to be employed practically on smart cards.

This paper [25] presented a comprehensive review of the key attributes of wireless communication technologies in the context of Industry 4.0. Additionally, it examines various security vulnerabilities and concerns that exist within this sector. Additionally, a concise summary was provided for each of the industrial revolutions, along with an emphasis on the primary technological distinctions that set them apart.

Information security management systems standard

Data security standards refer to a set of guidelines or criteria that organizations can adhere to in order to safeguard sensitive and confidential information. These standards are designed to mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of data.

The aim of this study [26] is to evaluate and analyze various methods and standards in secure software development. By conducting a survey and comparison, the objective is to identify specific stages within the software development life cycle (SDLC) where one or more of these methods or standards could be implemented to enhance the security of a software application throughout its development process.

Information management standard

The purpose of this Information Management Standard is to establish fundamental principles and obligations that must be adhered to in order to achieve efficient Information Management. The purpose of this system is to ensure that information is created, managed, retained, and disposed of in a manner that aligns with appropriate protocols and guidelines.

An article [27] was identified that discusses the capabilities and requirements necessary to ensure information quality in the context of reducing vulnerabilities in DAECO. This study incorporates the theoretical frameworks of resilience, information quality, and vulnerability, as well as the established standards of ISO19650 and ISO27001.

An additional study [28] was conducted, which presented a SLR consisting of 47 carefully chosen user studies for the field of end-user software engineering (EUSC). The article employs a review framework to systematically and consistently evaluate the focus, methodology, and cohesion of each of the aforementioned studies. The results have contributed to the creation of a design framework and a series of inquiries for the purpose of designing, reporting, and evaluating effective user studies for EUSC.

The paper [29] introduced and summarized their work in the IVHM/PHM standard structures and standards. Many standard organizations in the IVHM/PHM domain are eager to build their standard systems for various purposes and applications, and they have formed various standard structures. The most important organizations are ISO, SAE, ARINC, and IEEE.

Health informatics standard

Assist in ensuring the safety, usability, and appropriateness of health-specific applications utilized by clinicians, patients, and citizens. Interoperability is advocated for the purpose of facilitating accurate interpretation and utilization of electronically communicated information across systems, thereby enabling effective decision-making, continuity of care, and other relevant objectives.

According to one publication [30], support for graphical-based assurance case assessment is included in 10 assurance case tools, all of which have remarkable assessment capabilities. More specifically, by studying the evaluation techniques supported by the tools, three kinds of methods for reviewing an assurance case’s structure and five categories of assistance for assessing an assurance case’s content were discovered.

The purposed of this study [31] is to conduct a SLR that examines the level of support provided by current standards, specifically ISO 13485:2016, ISO 14971:2012, IEC 62304:2006, and IEC 62366:2015, as well as current reference architectures for medical device software, towards ISO/IEC 25010:2011 and the 4+1 views.

This article [32] aimed to explore the topic of ensuring safety in product lines and identifying potential gaps in existing research. Perform a SLR on research publications published up until January 2016. The task at hand involves the identification of 39 research articles that are to be included in a comprehensive list of primary studies. The objective is to conduct an analysis of how product lines are documented within these articles, with a particular focus on the safety-related topics that are covered and the evaluation methods employed by the studies.

Two articles [33], [34] provided a comprehensive analysis of currently employed software-based tolerance techniques that effectively safeguard the system against soft errors. The aforementioned techniques are subsequently linked to the software requirements mandated by EN 50128, which serves as the software standard within the railway industry, as well as those mandated by IEC 60601-1, the overarching standard for the medical field. The detection techniques have been demonstrated to facilitate compliance for both EN 50128 and IEC 60601-1.

Telecommunications and information standard

The integration of voice, data, video, and wireless technologies is occurring at a rapid pace within the current converged communications marketplace. As an increasing number of organizations integrate into the dynamic communications network, they swiftly recognize the significance of standardization, planning, and ongoing improvement as essential prerequisites for ensuring functionality, interoperability, and reliability.

A study [35] was conducted to examine the utilization of mmWave communication and radar devices for in device-based localization and device-free sensing, with a specific emphasis on indoor deployments. This document provides an overview of the key concepts related to mmWave signal propagation and system design. It aims to detail various approaches, algorithms, and applications for mmWave localization and sensing.

Another article [36] has presented a survey regarding the significance of both traditional and modern telecommunication management networks (TMN) and ICT management. Additionally, it is necessary to categorize all prominent networks and technology management systems that are currently recognized, with the purpose of establishing a framework for the design of network management architectures.

De-Facto Standards

In one article [37], the state of computing is surveyed in relation to 3D virtual spaces, and the steps necessary to create a network of 3D virtual worlds, or Metaverse, that provides a compelling alternative realm for human sociocultural interaction, are outlined. Convergence on the network protocol used by Linden Lab for Second Life as a de facto standard has enabled decentralized development, which in turn has led to the decoupling of the client and server sides of a virtual world system.

This article [38] presented a comprehensive survey that focuses specifically on algorithmic and combinatorial aspects. The majority of routing protocols ensure the achievement of convergence towards a stable state of routing. In the event that there are no alterations to the topology or configuration, it can be observed that each router will ultimately establish a consistent route to any given destination. However, this assertion does not hold true for policy-based routing protocols, such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is widely accepted as the standard for interdomain routing.

Computer-Communication Networks standard

The second category included 126 related to the objective is to ensure compatibility between hardware and software from various vendors. The development of networks that facilitate seamless information sharing would be significantly challenging, if not unattainable, in the absence of established networking standards. Standards also ensure that customers have the flexibility to choose from multiple vendors.

Customers have the flexibility to procure hardware and software from any vendor, as long as the equipment adheres to the established standard. Standards play a crucial role in fostering increased competition and maintaining price stability.

Information technology Fundamental standard

Information technology standards encompass a comprehensive range of both hardware and software standards. The significance of software and information formatting standards is steadily growing. There are established standards for operating systems, programming languages, communications protocols, and human-computer interaction. An illustration of this would be the necessity for standardized protocols in order to facilitate the global exchange of electronic mail messages. These protocols encompass the establishment of addressing conventions, formatting guidelines, and efficient transmission methods.

Information Services standard

This section outlines the necessary requirements that a service must meet in order to demonstrate its suitability for the intended purpose. The standard may encompass various components, including definitions, indicators of service quality, and their corresponding levels, as well as stipulations regarding the timeframe for service delivery. An example of such a standard is one pertaining to the management of customer complaints.

Presented Warbler family, a pseudorandom number generator family based on NLFSRs with acceptable randomness[39]. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed instances can pass the cryptographic statistical tests recommended by the EPC C1 Gen2 standard and NIST, as well as resist cryptanalytic attacks such as algebraic attacks, cube attacks, time-memory-data tradeoff attacks, Mihaljevi et al.’s attacks, and weak internal state and fault injection attacks.

One paper [40] described software for analyzing 3D-scanned electronic geometric models. ISO 8559-1 gives specialized information equivalent to national regulatory texts. Briefly discuss basic information completeness and presentation needs.

Another reason is the lack of thorough test data and the flexibility of these procedures. Based on extensive outdoor test data, used software scripts to evaluate the performance of these three standard translation methods recommended under IEC 60891, where the reference conditions have been optimized to produce the best result in different irradiance and temperature ranges[41].

A study [42] has been conducted to implement a two-level warning system that aims to provide cautionary and imminent warnings when a driver intends to perform a lane change. The experimental findings indicate that the in-vehicle safety warning system effectively prompts drivers to reconsider their decision to change lanes. This is achieved through the use of visual and audible warnings, in accordance with the ISO17387:2008 standard.

Two articles [43], [44] used the CPM/PDD to study UCD. Many user-centered design methodologies are based on the international standard 9241 210. It investigates the mapping of the two models in order to acquire support and insights for selecting methodologies and metrics for the creation of interactive systems. Also detailed was the creation of a PHR-S for MS management based on the concepts and recommendations of the ISO 9241-210 standard.

Electronic document management standard

Managing information across the organization aids in the support of a variety of new technologies that produce electronic records standards, and record generation can be both active and passive (e.g., automated logging of system upgrades). Individual records standards can be established via electronic mail systems, as web-based publications, or as documents published and held in administrative information systems.

One study [45] offered findings concerning standard specifications and their implementations in open source software. Specifically, the analysis focuses on extensive insights and experiences connected to two open source projects that implement the PDF format standard.

Another paper [46] on the finite element method using CST Simulation software to design a GTEM cell before it is put into use has been presented. After the GTEM cell was put into place, a 3-axis electromagnetic probe was used to test how regular it was. According to the IEC 61000-4 and IEEE 1309-2005 standards, the testing area and volume of the object being tested inside the GTEM cell have been shown.

Overview and concepts Software architecture standard

This standard outlines the specifications for exception conditions and their corresponding default handling procedures. A floating-point system that adheres to this standard can be implemented using software, hardware, or a combination of both.

The proposed [47] methods for floating-point arithmetic are built on the IEEE 754-2008 standard. These methods are a mix of software and hardware. Software that makes good use of space is used to create multiplication. Based on platform analysis, the proposed approaches can reduce execution time by 24%-81% compared to a typical software library and utilize 25%-94% less hardware than an area-efficient full decimal multiplier.

Two publications [48], [49] on the floating point arithmetic cores offered by major FPGA manufacturers are not completely compliant with IEEE 754 standards. These circuits cannot accommodate non-normal numbers. Also described the implementation of a single precision floating point adder compliant with IEEE 754 that accepts denormal inputs. In addition, compare its performance and resource consumption to that of the Xilinx floating-point adder IP core.

Systems and software engineering standard

A software engineering standard can be characterized as a standard, protocol, or analogous document that delineates the regulations and procedures governing the development of software products. A conventional software development company typically maintains a collection of documents that are exclusively intended for internal use within the organization.

Programming languages standard

Standards are measurable criteria that everyone agrees to use so that they can communicate with each other. Some people think that the first standards were monetary systems that were made to help people trade things. A language is a way to talk to each other. The alphabet is a common way for people to share knowledge.

One document [50] adaptations of extant approaches to dialog act recognition proposed in order to address the hierarchical classification issue. Specifically, Proposed end-to-end hierarchical network predicts communicative function, maintains dependencies, and determines stopping level using cascading outputs and maximum a posteriori path estimation.

A recent study [51] introduced a modeling language that utilizes the ISO/IEC 24744 metamodel. This language effectively represents textual information in a well-structured format, allowing for the description of semantic relationships within the discourse. Furthermore, the paper presents an application of the proposed language in the field of requirements engineering, demonstrating the advantages of implementing the suggested approach and its potential in various textual domains.

A recent study [52] SystemC, IEEE 1666-2005 standard for embedded system modeling, architectural exploration, performance analysis, software development, and functional verification, has received SA approval for RTL simulation.

Software Reuse standard Standard

The objective was presented a set of standards for software development frameworks that enable the creation of secure and high-quality metamodels for software development methodologies. Additionally, this aims to emphasize the alignment between each phase of software development and the relevant standards and regulations.

One publication [53] Proposed techniques for discovering and extracting process models from legacy databases, laying the theoretical foundation for a model-driven framework and proposing gPROFIT, a machine learning tool for real-world application.

Another paper [54] gave an overview of TDL and talked about how it could be used in a train use case. It lets you describe events at a higher level of generality than you can with programming or scripting languages. Also, TDL can be used to describe tests that come from other places, like simulators, test case generators, or logs from previous test runs.

Two papers [55], [56] have proposed applying the principles of software reliability engineering to commercial software creation. establish a number of additional steps for ensuring software stability at each stage of the SDLC. in addition, utilized models and metrics for gaining access to and analyzing software product reliability. These are founded on universally accepted criteria for ensuring the safety of computer programs.

Software life cycle processes standard

The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the method that development teams use to design and build high-quality software in the least amount of time and for the least amount of money. The goal of SDLC is to plan ahead to reduce project risks so that software meets customer standards during development and afterward. outlines how to set up a common framework for software life cycle processes with well-defined terms that the software industry can use as a guide.

In one study [57], a design framework called TooMVBC was proposed to turn a formal, verified computation model into executable MVBC code. TooMVBC uses the formal computation model MVBChart to get a high-level idea of what the MVBC is. Apply TooMVBC to design MVBC with the highest class 5, which is what the standard IEC 61375 says to do. During formal verification of the built system model, several important ambiguities or bugs in the standard are found.

Another paper [58] described a system for modeling software development processes that ensures standard compliance from specification to execution. From specification to enactment, there is no (semi-)automatic technique to ensure de-facto processes meet de-jure norms.

Third paper [59] ISO/IEC 25040-aligned evaluation approach, activities, and artifacts for serious gaming quality evaluation. Serious Game Quality Assessment Method (SG-QUAM). It also supplied a usability and portability model matched to the ISO/IEC 25010 standard and tailored to this area, as well as quality in use when players use the application.

This study [60] offered a viewpoint-oriented strategy for developing Industry 4.0 applications to better adapt system models to stakeholders and concerns. The technique uses existing or developing systems and software engineering (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011) and Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0, IEC 61131-3) standards. The study then models and implements views, including an industrial use case.

Author [61] introduced Substation Data Processing Unit for mapping entities between power systems and communication networks using IEC 61850-based modeling.

IEEE standard 1459 uses voltage and current signals to identify power quantities, using NCA, MRMR, and CST for feature selection, reducing computational time and improving classification results[62].

Two publications [63], [64] assessed software quality, an important computer software research topic. International Organization for Standardization for understanding, measuring, and assessing software quality. Standardization improves software quality prediction and understanding. Introduced international quality standards development and focused on software quality development trends.

Five [65]–[69] small software development companies clustered in a process improvement program implemented the ISO/IEC 29110 standard. A series of papers reported the findings and lessons learned. The ISO/IEC 29110 engineering and management manuals are simple and free, which has encouraged their acceptance. 17+ nations teach ISO/IEC 29110. VSEs may show local and international customers and partners their expertise via low-cost independent certification and assessment methods. This study shows practical frameworks for each Software Implementation activity, including inputs, outputs, procedures, and limitations. ISO/IEC29110 is a lightweight project management and software implementation standard.

Four [70]–[73] examples CERTICSys supports process assessment utilizing ISO/IEC 15504 Standard. CERTICS evaluates and certifies Brazilian software developed and innovated. The NBR ISO / IEC 9126 standards were used to evaluate software, and the ten golden guidelines for medical education software were described. Use SimDeCS to test this method.

Some papers [74]–[78] Use ISO/IEC standards like 9126, 14598, and 15939 to create software that integrates the theoretical elements of these standards with the practicalities of software maintenance while creating a software application. The main results were a set of uniform processes and procedures and a Process Asset Library to support good project management practices in participating companies.

Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) Standard

Describe "how the software product was created" and "how it works" in addition to its functional aspects. General guidelines, planning and management, system and software quality models, data quality models, quality measurement framework and elements, framework evaluation process, evaluation guide, evaluation module, testing, and standard industry format are all covered.

Two papers [79], [80] suggested boundary scan. IEEE1149.1 boundary scan test standard in ICs helped miniaturize PCB assembly. These papers discussed JTAG boundary scan test solution applications and MPU JTAG Provision development. Examined how students, instructors, and professional developers regard code quality, including which features they value most.

Three studies [81]–[83] explored numerous quality aspects in a comprehensive model influenced by the ISO 25010, 42010, and 12207 standards for software quality, architecture, and process, respectively. Present an ISO/IEC 25010-based quality methodology for RPG software maintainability evaluation. Show a case study of how a mid-size software company with over twenty years of RPG application development implemented the quality model as a continuous quality monitoring tool into its business processes.

Four papers [84]–[87] reference IEEE STD 1061-1992 and ISO/IEC 25010:2011 SQuaRE software quality models. Software engineering and game quality models determined game quality. Several case studies use game testing. Case studies showed how to evaluate games for relevant results. Game makers can improve games using game quality outcomes, according to studies.

Another study [88] examined the gap and proposed an object-oriented design paradigm for information security. The above-classified design patterns don’t provide a path or standards to build an information system that meets confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements.

This study [89] IEEE 729-1983 Standard defines software quality as "the set of features of the software that determines how well it will meet the needs of the customer when it is used." This research presents an ACO strategy that intensifies search around the metric neighborhood to increase software quality estimate model prediction accuracy. Implementation and positive results comparisons are presented.

This paper [90] anticipated E/E system functional expansion. overviews COSMIC ISO 19761. Functional size can estimate development work, manage project scope modifications, benchmark productivity, and normalize quality and maintenance ratios.

The essay explored constructing a fuzzy inference rule basis to assess mobile app quality. The solution uses the major provisions of the PNST277-2018 standard "Comparative tests of mobile applications for smartphones" [91].

Software interfaces Standard

The user interface is an umbrella term for all of the parts of a computer system that the user can see and interact with while using the system. info based on Standards To describe it, you need to think about both the fixed parts, like the layout of the keyboard, panels, and reports, and the moving parts, like how programs should react to the user’s actions.

In one paper [92], the EN 50128 standard for software development for the European railway industry was used to look at agile practices for the first time. The study adds to what has already been learned about using agile methods in other controlled areas.

Information Representation Standard

The comprehension of various data types and the utilization of diverse representation techniques align with the established Standard and prove highly advantageous within the field of archaeology. This is particularly relevant as temporal knowledge in this domain often originates from multiple sources and is presented in various formats.

Geographic information Standard

Within the field of geographic information, these standards may define data handling methods, tools, and services. People think that data management means getting, processing, analyzing, accessing, displaying, and posting data for users and systems.

One publication [93] based on ISO Standards 19107 and 19108, which give spatial and temporal properties for geographic features, defines a spatio-temporal model for archaeological data. In order to implement interoperability, the article proposes a spatio-temporal conceptual model for archaeological data based on ISO Standards of the 19100 family and suggests using GeoUML.

After the derivation procedure, another publication [94] provided a framework using ISO 19107 to represent and infer temporal provenance data. Fuzzy Logic was used to assign a degree of confidence to values and Fuzzy Temporal Constraint Networks to model relationships between dating of different findings represented as a graph-based dataset. Archaeological data, especially temporal data, are often vague because many interpretations can coexist.

Data Image Standard

The establishment of a data compression algorithm involves the development of optimized data. The primary factors that impact the accuracy of this algorithm include the resolution of the image, the level of image noise, and the adherence to quality and information standards. and the artifacts that are inherent in the imaging system.

This study [95] presented the development of FaceQvec, a software component designed to estimate the conformity of facial images with the criteria outlined in ISO/IEC 19794-5. This international standard provides general quality guidelines for face images, determining their suitability for official documents like passports or ID cards.

Information management Standard

The present Information Management Standard delineates fundamental principles and obligations that must be adhered to in order to achieve efficient Information Management. The primary objective of this system is to ensure the proper creation, management, retention, and disposal of information.

Data quality Standard

Establishing the principles of information and data quality and explaining the path to data quality can be used to manage the quality of digital data sets. This includes both structured data saved in databases and less structured data like images, audio, video, and electronic documents.

One article [96] estimates ICT system IQ. Recent publications and ISO information quality standards were examined. Due to the limits of existing IQ estimation approaches, the authors describe their own proprietary concept based on multidimensional and multi-layer modeling and uncertainty estimation.

Another article [97] proposed a custom user-centered web-based system based on lab requirements. By defining norms, standard processes, and procedures, supporting quality control and teamwork, and aiding project management, the implementation system improved efficiency and quality. conclusion that while it is a small niche market for major manufacturers, a tailored LIMS standard is crucial for heritage science lab administration worldwide.

Quality management Standard

The following are essential elements that products, services, and processes must consistently adhere to in order to ensure that their quality aligns with expectations: requirements, specifications, guidelines, and characteristics. The items in question are suitable for their intended purpose. They effectively cater to the requirements of their users.

One paper [98] suggested process harmonization across remote sites as a "Best Practice" for similar organizations. A process for developing new tools and choosing a standard set was also established. CT DC achieved common KPIs, training, customer management, and career landscape with shared roles and responsibilities.

Four papers [99]–[102] wanted to show an ontology called SRMO, which tries to bring together all the terms and ideas related to RM and give a more complete picture of risk. This paper gives three examples of how this theory can be used in the field of software engineering to show how useful it is. The SRMO was made by analyzing, comparing, and combining the terms for RM that are used in different industry-wide standards, frameworks, and models, such as ISO 31000, COBIT, PMBOK, and CMMI. More important than anything else is the quality of software. Software quality traits show what software is all about. Quality management of the software creation process is an important way to solve the software quality problem. There are already a lot of standards for software quality management, like ISO 9001 and CMMI, which can help businesses set up a quality management system.

Structure of management Standard

A management system is a collection of procedures that an organization must adhere to in order to achieve its objectives. A management system standard offers a structured framework for establishing and managing a management system.

One paper [103] It is difficult to assess the maturity of agile adoption. The first step in adopting agile methodologies into automotive software product lines is to evaluate the combination. Create the ASPLA Model to assess agile software development using ISO 26550 based on an interview study with 16 participants and a literature analysis.

Risk assessment techniques Standard

Offered assistance in the selection and implementation of systematic methodologies for the evaluation of potential risks. This study employs a variety of methodologies to identify and comprehend risk. The recent update has been implemented to broaden the scope of its applications and enhance the level of detail provided.

One paper [104] on a package is made better by the addition of a graphical tool for predicting the collection area. This tool gives the user a way to draw the structure, no matter how complicated it is. The software was tried on the National Telecommunications Corporation building, which is the tallest building in Sudan. Compared to Furse’s StrikeRisk v5.0, the package outperformed in calculating risk components and total risk.

Telecommunication Standardization

Today’s converged communications market is merging voice, data, video, and wireless technologies. As more firms join the dynamic communications network, they recognize that standardization, planning, and continuous development are essential for functionality, interoperability, and reliability.

Telecommunication Standardization Sector defines the basic transport and access technologies that power global communications networks. Standards power modern wireless, broadband, and multimedia technologies.

Wireless Networks Standard

Wireless standards encompass a collection of services and protocols that govern the behavior of Wi-Fi networks and other data transmission networks.

One paper [105] In terms of time and energy usage, this paper re-examines the issue of tag identification in UHF RFID systems. Previous tag reading procedures have been thoroughly evaluated and analyzed in this work. Discuss a new design of a tag reading algorithm based on prior art to improve the time and energy efficiency of the ISO/IEC 18000-7 EPC C1 Gen2 UHF RFID standard.

Three papers [106]–[108] have made a lot of progress in using RFID technology in libraries over the last ten years. ISO 28560 is a new standard that aims to provide a shared platform for an industry that has grown up while different implementers have come up with their own ways to store RFID data. RFID standards like ISO 14223, 14443, and 15693, which deal with air interface protocols, were mostly made before they were put into use. However, standards like ISO 28560, which deal with standardizing tag data models, were made after implementations had reached a certain level of maturity.

IEEE 802.15.4 is another paper [109] The study investigates the benefits of SDN in infrastructureless wireless networking systems like W-PANs and the requirements for its use. SDWN, a complete SDN solution, is introduced and a prototype implementation described.

Two papers [110], [111] A framework for multipatient positioning in a wireless body area network (WBAN) utilizes spatial sparsity and FFT-based feature extraction to track patients’ movements and report to a central database server. This compressive sensing theory provides excellent precision, detail, and low computing complexity.

Two publications [112], [113] expanded band-wide per-subcarrier PMI selection. Use IEEE 802.16e-2005 link-level simulations to test the recommended methods. One precoder per subcarrier band minimizes overhead. A easy and effective way to make sure that extended-real-time polling service (ertPS) gets the most out of its uplink resources in IEEE 802.16e broadband wireless networks. Based on the MAC request header numbers, the suggested algorithm dynamically gives uplink resources to subscriber stations whose base stations are getting more requests.

Four papers [114]–[117] talked about a code stacking method that uses Walsh code to double the data rate. How well the system reduces inter-symbol interference (ISI) IEEE 802.15.6 will determine how the amplitude modulated FSDT technique is used. This study showed two ways to cut down on ISI. Increasing the data rate made the signal-to-noise ratio 1 dB worse than with FSDT. The suggested interleaver design method doubles the amount of data that can be sent over 22 MIMO-OFDM communication systems that don’t use transmit diversity.

There are three main contributions of this research: The novel proposals are introduced first. Second, the suggested IEEE 802.11p approach is used to calculate CTTs for each street, and SUMO is used as a traffic simulator for dynamic route planning [118].

Two papers [119], [120] showed that the idea that these techniques hurt performance is not true. Using the better SVD method to use channel prediction showed that it almost worked as well as using a spatial filtering method with IEEE 802.11ac channel prediction. SVD was a good MIMO receiving method for channels that changed over time.

In another study [121], IEEE 802.15.4 standard focuses on understanding SDN benefits in wireless networking settings without infrastructure, like W-PANs, and requirements for SDN in W-PANs. SDWN, a full SDN solution, is explained, along with a prototype implementation.

In one study [122], adaptive interrupt coalescing (AIC) was suggested as a way to save energy and improve performance. The Intel 82579 NIC and the e1000e Linux device driver have been used to set up EEE with AIC at the source. The results of the experiments show that the energy efficiency of AIC is better in most cases, even when performance is taken into account. In the best case, it is up to 37% better than the energy efficiency of traditional interrupt coalescing methods.

In one paper [123], the statistical properties of 60 GHz channels in a staircase environment with the transmitter (Tx) side constant and the receiver (Rx) side moving are looked at. Specifically, the paper looks at how the moving receiver Rx changes the properties. IEEE 802.15.3c shows a single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) model that can be used in an office or meeting room. Simulation results show that the Euclidean distance between the Tx and Rx is linked to almost every channel property.

One article [124] showed that holonic and CPS models work well together on the IEC 61499 standard for production control automation. This study uses UML models and a protocol based on industrial Ethernet (Profinet) to meet the needs of a distributed CPS that works in real time.

Networks Standards Standard

A networking standard refers to a formally established document that has been created to outline the necessary technical requirements, specifications, and guidelines that must be consistently adhered to in order to ensure that networking devices, equipment, and software are suitable for their intended purpose. Standards play a crucial role in guaranteeing the attainment of high levels of quality, safety, and efficiency.

There are four studies [125]–[128] that propose an approach to AP selection that actively accounts for both types of mobility. Furthermore, demonstrate that the proposed method greatly outperforms the baseline method in terms of throughput. Because of the quick growth of WLANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, more and more public places like train stations and airports are offering WLAN services. This work introduces a new type of acknowledgement called TACK and the corresponding TCP extension, TCP-TACK. TACK’s goal is to reduce the number of ACKs sent, which is exactly what the transport protocol needs. Without modifying the hardware of IEEE 802.11, TCP-TACK can be used on top of commodity WLAN to provide high wireless transport goodput with little control overhead in the form of ACKs.

Two publications [129], [130] detailed preliminary work on conforming network entities and progress toward a building-sized test bed for this specification. Rowan University students and researchers will have a living smart sensor network for development and study after initial work. A prototype system monitors LV networks near-real-time. Explained how the first and second releases of this secondary substation automation equipment utilised IEC 61850 and CIM standards.

One paper [131] covered RFT-V and RFT-C specifications. It compares voltage, current, and power limits. Different deployment methods, cable pairs, distance served, etc. The publication concludes with safety measures for both standards, including UL/CSA/IEC6095021.

Another study [132] states that FRAND-committed SEP holders seek a higher royalty rate (holdup) and implementers want a lower rate (holdout). Court lawsuit 802.11 determines royalty rates if negotiations fail. SEP valuation must be calculated accurately. In this study, the top-down FRAND royalty rate is applied with the equivalent license strategy to supplement it.

NS2 implemented another paper’s [133] approach for wireless broadband network application. This new scheme evaluates ASVC on a more realistic simulation across wireless broadband networks using open-source software. MGS mode ASVC beats CGS mode IEEE 802 11n.

One paper [134] proposed ASBA to tackle IEEE 802.11 Wireless Mesh Network congestion. The ASBA uses collision states to alter Contention Widows. Improve Wireless Mesh Network contention performance and avoid delivery delays.

The performance of another paper [135] gateway is tried and looked at. Also, the program code has been optimized to improve its performance ISO 11898-1 after a gateway study. After optimization, the findings show that the performance of the proposed gateway has improved significantly.

Four studies [136]–[139] proposed a beam training algorithm with dynamic beam ordering that meets the strict latency criteria of the latest mmWave standard negotiations. simulation results show that different variations of the proposed scheme improve latency performance and received signal-to-noise ratio over the optimum beam training scheme based on exhaustive narrow beam search IEEE 802.11ay. driving data obtained from V2X driving status information and predicted by LSTM. The proposed technique accurately estimates maneuver via V2X communications and follows proven V2X standards IEEE802.11p.

De-Facto Standards

De facto standards are those that originate in the marketplace and are endorsed by a number of suppliers but lack formal status. For example, Microsoft Windows is a single company’s product that has not been formally recognized by any standards organization, while being a de facto standard. De facto standards in the communications industry frequently become formal standards after widespread acceptance.

Even though the internet protocol is the de-facto standard for internet connection, severely restricted devices with little processing power, working memory, and battery power capacity should be addressable via an IP-based network architecture. To meet this requirement, 6LoWPAN could be used to communicate with wireless devices. Wireless sensor networks are a hot issue these days, but a well-structured, wire-based infrastructure is sometimes preferable [140], [141].

According to one research [142], the technical advancement of wireless communication technologies, as well as the need for effectively modeling these increasingly complex systems, produces a continual increase in simulation model complexity. Simultaneously, multi-core systems have emerged as the de facto standard hardware platform.

Another study [143] on the HEVC standard, which is now the de facto video coding standard. The OpenHEVC open source software was changed in this study to improve interoperability by using OpenMP instead of POSIX threads. This paper proposes a novel approach to dealing with parallelization throughout the decoding process. This method outperforms the POSIX-based one by at least 10% while providing greater interoperability.

Five publications [144]–[148] offered a programmable implementation and continuation of the same project in which behavior diagrams, namely use case, activity, and state diagrams, were chosen for critical study and possible enhancements. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has become the de-facto standard for the design and specification of object-oriented systems, although its semi-formal structure has certain drawbacks.

Two papers [149], [150] looked at how a standards-based pro-competition legal interoperability framework can be used to keep future Internet service marketplaces open, inventive, and competitive. The following is how the paper is organized. Explain the specific issues generated by a shift in favor of dominant de facto standards in ICT markets.

Another two publications [151], [152] FINEAS is a rate adaptation algorithm that enhances client QoE and fairness in multiclient contexts. It involves an in-network coordination system for equitable resource sharing. HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) protocols have gained popularity and become the de facto standard for video streaming services.

Three articles [153]–[155] implemented a subsumption architecture utilizing Model Driven Development on a real-time physical platform. Robot Operating System, the current robotics standard, is compatible with the platform. This work experimentally implements a multi-layer subsumption-based autonomous robots control utilizing Model Driven Development. This paper proposed an alternate datatype generic algorithm for calculating the difference between any algebraic datatype’s values.

Four articles [156]–[159] used runtime profiling and dynamic code creation to circumvent these query compiling restrictions. Apache Spark is becoming the norm for modern data analytics in big-data systems. Spark optimizes analytical workloads on various data sources through SQL query compilation. JavaScript is becoming the mainstream language for general-purpose programs after dominating client-side web programming. Most engineering fields model complicated systems.

Four studies [160]–[163] about a cross-platform, open source, distributed version control tool that works well with non-linear development and can handle projects of all sizes quickly and effectively. It has become the de facto standard for version control in software creation and is used by millions of software developers every day. The decision to use Android SDK instead of Platys is based on two things. First of all, the Android SDK is the usual way to build location-aware apps for Android.

One paper [164] Hardware layers, libraries, kernels, and light-weight operating systems are often used to help with development. But these usually don’t help much or at all with automatic worst-case execution time (WCET) estimation, so manual methods based on testing and measuring remain the de facto standard.

Smart technology Standard

The acronym SMART stands for the various formats, processes, and tools that are essential for facilitating user interaction with standards, encompassing both human and technology-based users. The nineteen articles in this category where these digital solutions cater to the requirements of various stakeholders, including industry representatives, regulators, end users, and society as a whole.

Internet of Things (IoT) Standard

The IoT has challenges due to the lack of standards because it makes it challenging for various systems and devices to collaborate and communicate effectively. It is difficult to create a universal standard that functions across all IoT devices since they can employ a wide range of communication protocols and data formats and are produced by numerous different vendors.

This study [165] examines the signals obtained from discreet sensors integrated into a wheelchair, which possess convenient plug-and-play functionality and automatic identification capabilities. These signals are collected and initially processed at the platform level, and subsequently transmitted to a server application on a host PC using the IEEE802.15.4 wireless communication protocol.

According to [166] study, enabling full connectivity among these devices is a huge task. To address this, various communication protocols have been proposed. IEC 61850 has become the de facto standard for sophisticated communication networks in power systems due to its capacity to handle enormous volumes of data exchanges and object-oriented design.

Smart Grids Standard

Smart grid technology and the products and services that use it offer a lot of potential for businesses in all fields. The number of successful smart grid projects keeps going up, and each one is different in terms of its size and scope. Even though there isn’t a single meaning of "smart grid" yet:

Two articles [167], [168] showed how the proposed modeling idea could be built on the power utility interoperability approach IEC 61850 and the distributed automation reference model IEC 61499. A lot of attention has also been given to the ICT standards, such as IEC 61850, which combines ICT with MAS.

Two other publications [169], [170] presented a PnP approach to intelligent terminals in PDIoT that takes network priority into account. To guarantee the integrity of PnP technology’s communications in the distribution network, this paper first implements a network access strategy selection based on the priority function and SROS method. Next, an information model of the PDIoT is built using the IEC 61850 Communication Standard, and the PnP information interaction mechanism is described in depth.

This paper [171] aims to conduct an analysis on the alignment between digital twin architectures documented in existing literature and the reference architecture outlined in the ISO 23247 standard. This accomplishment was attained by employing a mixed-methods research approach, which involved analyzing 29 digital twin architectures in the manufacturing sector. These architectures were identified through a systematic literature review of 140 peer-reviewed studies, a survey conducted with 33 participants, and four in-depth expert interviews conducted using a semi-structured format.

In one work [172], authors used the standard’s Extended Backus Naur Form to create a model of the IEC 61131. Automated processes are needed for current industrial automation projects to facilitate faster upgrades, enhancements, and maintenance. Model-driven development is used in software engineering to reduce development time by maintaining consistent documentation, models, and code throughout the lifecycle of the project, and by using code generators to rapidly produce large volumes of highly comparable code artifacts and code for a variety of target platforms.

Three more papers [173]–[175] showed how function block descriptions can be used to make very efficient code. The results of a benchmark set show that compared to other methods, our approach makes code that is much faster and smaller. IEC 61499 has been put forward as a standard for creating control and measurement systems for industrial processes. So, even though hard real-time performance is not guaranteed and the runtime environment is run on top of a normal operating system, the performance is consistent and looks good for future implementations and extensions.

A different group [176]–[178] the digital sample method is used to describe a reference system for calibrating electronic transformer testers. The program for calibration was made to meet the IEC 61850-9-2/LE standard. With a coverage factor of 2, the electronic transformer testers’ extended errors are estimated to be 5.4E-5 for magnitude and 64rad for phase displacement.

Energy Storage Standard

The Energy Management Standard has the potential to significantly improve global energy consumption. By offering management strategies to both public and private sector organizations, it can enhance energy efficiency, lower expenses, and enhance overall energy performance. The prioritization of effective energy management is crucial due to its substantial potential for energy savings and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

One article [179] examined the idea of a holistic SoS element, with a focus on the ICT and automation principles used. It describes the applicability of present electrotechnical and automation standards within the future critical infrastructure.

In another study [180], a model-driven implementation of a CEM that meets standards was explained. The proposed application method is better than other methods because it automatically works with standard data models and lets CEMS logic be expressed in a way that doesn’t depend on the protocol. IEEE 2030.5 and OpenADR 2.0b are the standards that are taken into account in this application.

Artificial Intelligence Standard

Methodologies for evaluating the efficacy of machine learning models, systems, and algorithms in categorization tasks are outlined. will supply crucial components for the digital transition. provides an overview of AI, defines key terms, and outlines a high-level strategy for deploying ML. IEEE 3652.1-2020 envisions scalable and trustworthy edge AI systems with integrated wireless communication techniques and decentralized machine learning algorithms. New wireless network design principles, service-driven resource allocation optimization approaches, and a comprehensive end-to-end system architecture for edge AI will be discussed[181].

De-Facto Standards

One document [182] on the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is recognized as the de facto standard for semistructured data representation and data exchange on the Web and in many other settings. Due to its flexibility and adaptability for data representation and communication across applications and services across different platforms, the XML has become the de facto standard for representing semistructured information.

Another paper [183] on the Robot Operating System (ROS) has been suggested as a flexible framework for making software for robots. It is a set of APIs, libraries, and rules that make it easier to make complex and reliable robot behavior on a wide range of robotic systems. It has become the normal way to build applications for robots.

Security Techniques Standard

The fourth category included nineteen on a rising interest in developing techniques to facilitate the creation of privacy-conscious software systems standards, in response to the escalating concerns surrounding privacy in software systems. Insufficient privacy measures incorporated into software system designs may lead to the inadvertent disclosure of users’ sensitive data, including personal health and financial information, thereby potentially resulting in financial and reputational repercussions. Privacy engineering can be defined as a methodical endeavor to incorporate privacy considerations into the architectural design of an application.

Cybersecurity and privacy protection Standard

standards is responsible for helping to protect against the growing problems of cyber risks and attacks, online scams, information and identity theft, and the breach of personally identifiable information. It gives groups ways to protect their sensitive and important information as well as personal information, no matter what business they are in or how they are set up.

One study [184] found that software developers’ intention to follow PEMs is most strongly influenced by the PEM’s usefulness to their work. These data illuminate software developers’ attitudes toward PEMs. An growing field of research helps software developers build privacy into their systems. ISO/IEC PDTR 27550 is developing Privacy Engineering standards.

In another work [185], the enterprise accessibility compliance ontology adds relevant elements to earlier ontologies. Many online sites offer assistance on accessibility for practitioners, but for a corporation trying to make products accessible in a continuously changing landscape of technologies and standards, accessibility is a complex problem EN 301 549 standard.

Information security management systems Standard

The standard provides recommendations for enterprises of any size and from any industry to create, implement, maintain, and continuously improve an information security management system.

One paper [186] as a de facto standard for radio communication, initially standardized as ISO/IEC 18092, dominates this market and has amassed many applications, including use as a digital wallet and ticketing system, due to its convenience and versatility.

Another research [187] identified three public space robot properties. Crowds, social norms and proxemics, and misbehavior are these properties. how these qualities affect robot safety. This article educates stakeholders on public robot safety. In particular, contend that the ISO 13482:2014 standard is unsuitable for public area robot safety.

Five publications [188]–[192] explore data security standards and their impact on cloud computing and the industry. ISO27001, SOA, BS7799, PRINCE2, PCIDSS, COSO, COBIT, OPM3, CMMI, ITIL. evaluate recent proactive damage prevention research and offer a GQM-based approach to detecting and resolving information security control violations. ISO 27004:2009 and NIST 800-55 are recommended for proactive measuring metrics. To satisfy clients, IT-service processes must be organized and monitored to avoid gaps. ISO/IEC 27000 security management standards and others.

To solve this issue, an SDSec technique is described in this work [193]. It is made up of a hybrid anomaly detection module and a multi-level security response module that work in tandem to secure the ICS field zones. According to the international standard IEC62443, the hybrid anomaly detection module inspects anomalous behaviors from the perspectives of network communications and physical process states.

Another work [194] on the possibilities of dealing with cross-cutting issues at the requirements level is aspectoriented requirements engineering. In this research, demonstrated how PETs can be expressed as early aspects and incorporated into a given requirements model using issue frames notation and industry standards such as ISO 29100. Showed how PETs can be expressed as patterns to assist requirements engineers in identifying and selecting relevant PETs that address the privacy criteria they must meet.

One article [195] discussed how blockchain technology could be used to deploy building information modeling technologies. The possibility of implementing blockchain has revealed that the technology is significant to an increasing number of actors. The investigation of the Polterovich-Tonis evolutionary model in connection to the ISO 16739: 2013 information modeling procedures.

The proposed [196] The architecture is validated by building an industrial pick-and-place testbed using ISO/IEC 30141 to address interconnection issues and bridge the gap between the Internet and industry. A four-domain integrated architecture is proposed, dividing the manufacturing system into user, cloud service, sensing, controlling, and device domains.

A paper [197] used defeasible logic to establish compliance with software design and implementation constraints. Reuse opportunities from compliance checking. Finally, draw conclusions and plan future study based on ISO 26262, which addresses cybersecurity as well as safety.

Another paper [198] described the primary safety communication protocol implementation aspects discovered during programmable logic controller development. Communication failures can endanger persons, property, and the environment, thus vital industrial automation safety systems must detect as many as possible. Safety communication methods designed and approved to IEC 61784-3 and 61508 decrease failures.

One paper [199] used ISO/IEC 9798 standards, key agreement, entity authentication, and hybrid algorithm technology to create a secure channel protocol for high-security data transfer and examine its complexity and performance. Security chip completes it. Data transmission tests reveal that it meets data communication security and real-time needs with its high security and flexible protocol.

De-Facto Standards

One study [200] on differential privacy has become the de facto standard for defining privacy. Companies like Apple, Google, Uber, and Microsoft have used it to collect sensitive information about users and build analytics engines that protect privacy.

Another study [201] addressed how to accomplish low-cost security in real-world wireless sensor networks without changing security standards. Focused on ECDSA, the standard signature system used in WSN and IoT applications to ensure communication authenticity and integrity.

Another study [202] on dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) becomes the standard for video streaming, and YouTube, Netflix, and other sites use it. In this paper, you will come up with a way to identify videos by using network data while streaming.

Healthcare Informatics Standard

This category’s twenty-five articles on methodology for analyzing health organizations’ business and information demands in order to support standards-based architectures. focuses on the standardization of Health ICT to allow for compatibility and interoperability amongst independent systems.

Medical device software Standard

A medical device refers to any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, appliance, or similar article, including software, that is intended by the manufacturer to be used for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in human beings. These devices serve one or more specific purposes, such as diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation of disease, as well as diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation, or compensation for an injury or disability.

One paper [203] examined the following topics: (1) the importance of EHRs; (2) the need for standardization to improve quality; (3) the importance of interoperability in EHR maintenance; (4) the open EHR architecture as a framework for standardization and interoperability; (5) the importance of archetypes for knowledge-based systems; and (6) the challenges of querying HER data in accordance with ISO 26262.

Two studies [204], [205] proposed a medical-standard software development approach. This page discusses distributed simulation’s motivations, related studies, and IEC 82,304’s justification. The standard’s four Types of Interoperability Reference Model are offered. Healthcare and manufacturing examples show how the standard is used.

One paper [206] on the hybrid assessment approach discussed here combines the MDevSPICE®-based process assessment method with steps for prioritizing improvement needs through value stream mapping and allowing process improvement through the KATA technique. This method builds agile methods into the process of making software for medical devices while still meeting the requirements of the legal standards IEC 823041.

Another paper [207] on this topic says that ISO 14971 is the standard that regulatory agencies use to control the risks of medical devices. The ISO 14971 describes the steps of the risk management method and suggests that manufacturers use tools like the FMECA.

Device interoperability Standard

Medical device interoperability refers to the capacity to exchange and utilize information among multiple devices, products, technologies, or systems in a safe, secure, and efficient manner. The shared information can be utilized in various manners, such as for display, storage, interpretation, analysis, and automated action or control of another product. With the growing integration of electronic medical devices with one another and other technologies, it is imperative that connected systems possess the capability to exchange and utilize information in a safe, secure, and efficient manner.

Three articles [208]–[210] proposed enhancing the ISO/IEEE 11073-20601 protocol with a biometric identity management system. The rise in healthcare prices over the previous decade has spurred the ICT industry to respond by developing cost-cutting solutions while enhancing healthcare quality. The recently established ISO/IEEE 11073 family of standards is the first step toward interoperability of mobile medical devices used in patient situations.

One study [211] described how technology might be utilized to tackle the problems of healthcare administration as outlined in ISO 18092. This technology is user-friendly and financially feasible, and it is also simple to use for nontechnical users. NFC cards, tags, and key chains are examples of NFC technology. Each NFC tag contains a unique number that can be used to identify patients in a hospital.

Six software [212]–[217] development papers explained these principles. After turning on the system, safety devices can accurately determine an axis’ position. The V-module of software development standards after ISO 26262 make the sensor system nearly error-proof. ISO 26262 defines functional safety for all automobile electrical and electronic systems. Analyzing AUTOSAR application software component production code for an Instrument Panel Cluster provides a comparison of top performance tools.

Four articles [218]–[221] Fixed-priority scheduling of mixed-criticality SR models was investigated utilizing adaptive and elastic MCS. Formulate the optimization problem of minimizing the overall system cost of increased functional delays in the implementation while ensuring schedulability in the automotive certification standard ISO 26262, and provide an optimal branch-and-bound search algorithm and an efficient heuristic approach. This technique minimizes project development time, standardizes, forecasts software problems, and enhances quality in OEM vehicle embedded software.

Five studies [222]–[226] discussed undergraduate software quality teaching. The National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal course covered aerospace standards, safety, software requirements, design, reviews, and testing. Teaching ARP 4761, ARP 4754, DO 178C, and DO 331 was insightful. ISO 26262 functional safety standard affects car design and assurance. ISO 26262 defines SEooCs. Finally, analyze and show P-MCS for system schedulability, overheads, throughput, and predictability using ISO 26262 as a case study.

De-Facto Standard

There is only one paper [227]Since the current gold standard, NCBI BLAST, employs complicated heuristics, it is difficult to attain both great performance and perfect agreement. Showed results for multiple use cases, all of which agree 100% and are faster than a fully parallel implementation of the reference code on a contemporary CPU by a factor of approximately 5x.

Discussion

This review presented pertinent studies on contemporary standards in the field. The primary objectives were to present a novel perspective on standards and emphasize current research trends within this domain. The survey findings unveiled three key elements pertaining to the literature’s content: the challenges encountered in effectively utilizing these applications, recommendations measures to mitigate these challenges, and the underlying motivations behind the proposed general framework for the search and browse procedure.

Challenges

According to the surveys, the researchers are interested in evaluating standards. There have been some significant research advances in the areas of study, assessment, contrast, and revision, but more improvements are needed in providing approaches across structures and systems, as well as employing an adequate, representative sample for surveys.

RQ3. What are the current research gaps in the field of ICT standardization?

Concerns on IIoT environment

There are various hurdles to building an interoperable conceptual IIoT environment. (1) A huge number of heterogeneous IIoT devices share resources, and the bulk of IIoT devices are limited in terms of storage and computation. (2) Industrial IIoT applications and devices rely heavily on conceptual models and composability with a sophisticated orchestrator. To address these issues, the IIoT ecosystem could benefit from device tiering and cloud-fog technology orchestration. Fog networking aids the industrial processing chain by providing a quicker response to delay-critical industrial applications, while mature cloud technology allows for unlimited data collection and sharing resources throughout the distributed IIoT environment. In time, the OpenFog Consortium was established to further refine and standardize the fog computing industry[21], [228], [229].

Concerns on software development life cycle (SDLC)

One of the most essential issues, and sometimes the most difficult ones, for businesses is the development of safe software, as well as the implementation and management of security in the SDLC to make software more secure and adhere to standards and regulatory requirements to development standards. There is a set of software security standards, rules, and certifications to help guide secure software development projects. The survey these to highlight their strengths and to provide an outline of where a standard may be most useful[230]–[232].

Faults and failure are two frequent ideas associated with any unsuccessful program[233]. Both defects and failure have a significant relationship. It is possible that software flaws to development standards go unreported and do not result in a system breakdown. On the other hand, there may be some flaws that cause several failures. Faults in software engineering occur for a variety of causes there are a need to development standards. One of the causes of software engineering failures is a lack of understanding and carelessness in dealing with diverse situational settings among team members[234].

The importance of situational circumstances is recognized in software engineering standards. We explored the factors that can result in diverse situational scenarios, ultimately leading to software failure. Each element is subdivided into related sub-factors that can affect the effective development of a software system, resulting in software failure[235].

We draw the conclusion that numerous standards may not, taken separately, meet all the security needs for secure software development. Instead, more than one of the standards must be implemented as part of a software development process to ensure the security of the final product, whether for reasons of regulation or certification. Additional investigation into these facets, together with the solution ways for regulating them, can be carried out in subsequent work.

Concerns on Smart Grids

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has introduced the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation to ensure a significant level of interoperability, which is a crucial prerequisite for Smart Grids and their associated components and devices. A comprehensive approach to design, modeling, and implementation is necessary due to the limited scope of addressing interoperability and communication concerns[23].

The future grids exhibit a range of novel network and communication elements, such as inverters, smart meters, charging units, controller devices, switches, breakers, and others, which offer improved and advanced services. This results in the establishment of a highly intricate network comprising various interconnected and intelligent devices that necessitate the exchange of both information and energy. Intelligent Electronic Devices (lEDs) are highly sophisticated devices that provide advanced functionalities and services for effectively managing the intricate and decentralized characteristics of Smart Grids[236].

Concerns on Functional Safety

Currently, there is a lack of a specific standard that directly addresses the functional safety requirements of autonomous vehicles. Consequently, numerous researchers have endeavored to employ the ISO 26262 standard as a framework for constructing software and hardware models that align autonomous vehicles with functional safety standards. The comprehensive examination presented various methodologies and approaches that can be employed to incorporate functional safety measures in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles[34].

Many approaches are still in development, indicating the necessity for a dedicated functional safety standard for autonomous vehicles. Furthermore, the present ISO 26262 functional safety requirement for road vehicles is insufficient for autonomous vehicles, which are more safety crucial and sophisticated. Not only is a new specialized standard for autonomous vehicle functional safety required, but the existing standard’s ethical concerns and risk-based fallacies must also be addressed. New safety and security criteria for autonomous vehicles are urgently needed, and this is the scope of future research in this subject.

Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G:

The growth of services that use artificial intelligence (AI) is pushing wireless networks to change even more. People think that 6G will be a game-changer and that it will speed up the transition from "connected things" to "connected intelligence" in wireless. Standardization, software and hardware platforms, and application possibilities are also talked about to make it easier for edge AI systems to be mass-produced and sold.

With the standardization and global rollout of 5G networks, researchers, businesses, and governments have started working on the vision, use cases, and disruptive technologies for future 6G. With the creation of wireless data collection, learning models and algorithms, as well as software and hardware platforms, it is possible that AI will become a natural tool for designing disruptive wireless technologies to speed up the design, standardization, and commercialization of 6G[181].

Motivations

Standardization allows for the production of differentiated products. Standardization certainly aids businesses in expanding their networks. The standardization process generates research output that is ultimately linked to the creation of markets for new technologies and can connect to a plethora of existing standards and technologies. Standards can help to establish a new technology and build its market since they are easily referenced (for example, in procurement decisions). (see Figure 6).

RQ4. What are the current motivations, concerns, challenges, and recommendations for improving the standardization and ICT methods and topic?

Internet of Things (IoT) on the standards for personal health

Using the standards for personal health gadgets to build an end-to-end remote monitoring platform One of the most recent innovations is the IoT, which aims to help with health and everyday life (Healthy IoT). Even though the bottom layers are coming together, the upper layers, data models, and names are still being worked out.

Ultra-low power wireless protocols, such as ZigBee, offer notable benefits in supporting IEEE 11073. Nevertheless, the ongoing advancement of technology will inevitably exert a significant impact on the prevailing standards. The recent release of BlueTooth 5.0 incorporates several notable enhancements, including routing capabilities, extended range, larger baseband frames, and improved frame delivery to dormant end devices[209], [237].

Another invention based on 802.15.4 is a 6LoPan (low power IPv6 in resource restricted networks) profile. Adoption of IP-based transport layer technology might result in technology convergence, including Wi-Fi (802.11); interoperability would be based on bridging and routing IP networks; and administrators could be situated in the cloud. IEEE 11073 might be implemented directly on this transport layer.

Several organizations (standardization bodies, vehicle manufacturers, and academia) have recently collaborated to define standards for vehicular applications and build VANET-based communication systems. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is a wireless technology developed exclusively for usage in automobiles. These protocols (DSRC) enable high-speed data communication between two cars (V2V) or between a vehicle and a roadside unit (V2I or I2V).[118].

The comparison of traffic simulation and VANET simulation results indicates that IEEE 802.11p exhibits a high level of accuracy. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing V2X communication in real-world scenarios through the utilization of the IEEE 802.11p standard. This implementation has the potential to significantly conserve resources and enhance the overall comfort of road networks.

Potential future research endeavors may involve the simulation of urban traffic patterns utilizing alternative Dynamic Route Planning (DRP) methodologies. Additionally, the utilization of network simulators and wireless technologies, such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), could be explored in this context. Furthermore, future research endeavors could center on investigating the impact of the proposed methodology on diverse traffic patterns observed in major urban centers and countries, such as the United States and Japan, which are subject to distinct regulatory frameworks and policies that influence their traffic dynamics.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are being increasingly embraced and incorporated into intelligent transport systems (ITSs) in developed nations, driven by the ongoing pursuit of sustainable transportation alternatives that provide enhanced energy efficiency and diminished carbon emissions. The establishment of communication between electric vehicles (EVs) and roadside units (RSUs) in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and smart grids can be achieved through the utilization of onboard units designed for wireless transmission. The establishment of a standardized integration framework will serve as a robust basis for the implementation of the plug and play concept within the Internet of Things domain, specifically for electric vehicles. The seamless incorporation of smart grid technology and intelligent transportation system (ITS) components, such as charging stations (CSs) and roadside units (RSUs) respectively, will provide additional validation to the notion of smart cities[178].

The implementation of Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) and Autonomous Driving (AD) technology has necessitated the development of the Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System (CVIS). This system mandates that all vehicles possess the ability to comprehend the immediate and surrounding traffic conditions. Specifically, it requires the establishment of real-time, uninterrupted, and effective communication between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) networks. The technology that relies on the coordination of vehicles and road infrastructure aims to enhance traffic safety and optimize driving services[120].

The implementation of reliable and efficient V2V/V2I communication technology is crucial for the successful integration of road coordination technology in real-world traffic scenarios. In the present context, it is anticipated that the Cardiovascular Information System (CVIS) will progress in the subsequent areas: The vehicle wireless communication network is characterized by its extensive scale and intricate nature. Consequently, the utilization of network simulators and co-simulation software becomes imperative in order to assess the network’s performance, validate algorithms, and establish standardized protocols. Undoubtedly, despite the considerable expense, it remains imperative.

In the European context, the primary focus of CVIS research revolves around leveraging advanced information and communication technologies to expedite the research, development, and integrated implementation of safety systems. This research places particular emphasis on investigating communication standards and standardizing interfaces.

Wireless standards in the Industry 4.0 domain.

Industrial wireless standards and communication technologies are the focal point of this report. The analysis proceeds with a discussion of the wireless standards’ security mechanisms and a summary of their primary vulnerabilities and security issues. Discussion on the presented topic, with recommendations and suggestions for implementing the various wireless standards in the domain of Industry 4.0. There are numerous wireless communication standards within the Industry 4.0 domain[25].

In certain ways, this allows for the selection of the best communication technology for each and every industrial application. Nonetheless, because no universal security methods can be applied to the networking layer of the communication hierarchy, this variability poses a substantial security difficulty. Individual wireless communication technologies try to reduce this by implementing their own Physical, Link, and Network Layer security procedures; nonetheless, many of them are vulnerable owing to design faults and weaknesses. All of this needs the creation of new unified security measures that are applicable to all wireless communication technologies in the Industry 4.0 arena.

Blockchain in Energy Standardization.

To address the existing gap, this report aims to offer a concise overview of grid and prosumer blockchain applications, as well as present the standard development activities associated with them. The analysis indicates that blockchain technology in the energy sector is evolving and has the potential to be applied across various domains within the power and energy industry. This has the capability to support the advancement of diverse contemporary grid technologies. The provision of standards and guidelines for blockchain applications in the energy sector will enhance the effective utilization of this technology[22].

The four most common blockchain network components are described below[238], [239]:

• Consensus: The consensus algorithm under consideration is a synchronization mechanism that instills trust within the blockchain network. The synchronization of ledgers is crucial as each node maintains its own copy. Consensus mechanisms are employed to guarantee uniformity of state across all distributed ledgers. The aforementioned mechanism ought to possess qualities of reliability, functionality, security, and real-time capabilities. Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are widely recognized consensus protocols;

• Peers: Peers: The term "peer" refers to each individual node within the blockchain network. The ledger is maintained and updated by peers, who verify the validity of transactions prior to adding them to the ledger. The primary functions of peers in a blockchain network include hosting the ledger and executing smart contracts;

• Smart Contract: A smart contract refers to a publicly accessible code that is mutually accepted by nodes and can be activated in response to specific events. Following the activation of the smart contract, predetermined transactions or processes are executed, thereby expanding the utilization of blockchain networks within business operations;

• Ledger: A ledger refers to a comprehensive record of transactions and processes within the Blockchain network. In the past, ledgers were widely utilized for record-keeping purposes. However, in the context of a Blockchain network, each node maintains its own copy of the ledger. These nodes update their copies with valid transactions and synchronize them using a consensus protocol.

Standards for Real-Time Distribution Middleware.

To identify a set of features and objectives that all real-time distribution standards and/or their implementations should include[12]:

• Control in the Processing of Remote Calls or Data: Irrespective of the concurrency pattern employed, ensuring the predictability of the application necessitates the regulation of scheduling parameters, including threads generated internally by middleware. Implementing this approach would help mitigate the risk of encountering unbounded priority inversions;

• Allowing Free Assignment of Scheduling Parameters: In order to maximize the system’s scheduleability, scheduling parameters should be freely assignable throughout the chain of entities that compose the distributed system.

• Support for Various Scheduling Policies: While the fixed priority scheduling policy currently enjoys significant popularity and widespread adoption, there are certain situations where alternative policies, such as EDF or flexible scheduling based on contracts, may be more suitable. Hence, it is desirable for real-time distribution standards to offer consistent support for configuring various scheduling policies;

• Middleware should offer enough assistance to ensure the predictability of the distributed system, limiting the impact of priority inversion. One way is by limiting the number of network communications to a manageable level; another is by facilitating the setting of synchronization protocols for gaining access to crucial portions;

• Documentation of the Overhead Introduced by Implementations: Documentation of Implementation-Induced Overhead: Practitioners should be able to assess and evaluate each entity participating in a distributed real-time application, including those formed internally by middleware (e.g., internal threads for I/O management or network messages belonging to metatraffic). The implementation must clearly specify the role and influence of these built-in entities, as these entities can raise system response times by consuming processing and/or network resources. As a result, distribution standards should include it as a condition for implementation;

• Enabling Timing Analysis of the Complete Application: Facilitating the Analysis of Timing for the Entire Application: The execution of middleware occurs within the processor, however, it is important to note that the temporal behavior of the networks significantly impacts the overall response times. Furthermore, it is often necessary to schedule both networks and processors simultaneously using suitable techniques. Consequently, middleware should possess the capability to define the scheduling parameters for both processing resources.

Quality of manufacturing products standards.

In recent times, the significance of manufacturing product quality has emerged as a pivotal determinant impacting both domestic and global business and economic dynamics. Over the course of time, a multitude of quality standards have been formulated and embraced, among which the ISO series of standards stands as a global agreement on commendable managerial approaches. The primary objective of these standards is to guarantee that an organization is capable of providing products or services that align with the quality expectations of its clients. This advising system provides the business with assessment results and implementation recommendations by identifying the necessary ISO elements and comparing the company’s present quality performance to ISO standards. These recommendations are made available in the form of corrective and preventative action reports[102].

The standards provide organizations with guidelines regarding the definition of effective quality management and serve as models against which the system can be audited. This auditing process ensures that the organization is operating efficiently, providing both the organization and its clients with the necessary assurance. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the essential ISO components and conducting a comparative assessment between a company’s existing quality system and the established ISO standards.

Recommendations

Standards possess the capacity to fulfill a wide array of requirements across various contexts. Standardization frameworks offer a shared means of articulating specifications for products, services, and processes. This section provides a set of recommendations aimed at addressing the various issues and challenges associated with standardization.
RQ5. Can standards play a more prominent role in the attainment of regulatory objectives and the promotion of innovation?

Implementation of standardization RFID technology.

The implementation of RFID technology has made significant advancements in the past decade. The implementation of standardization within the RFID market has proven to be advantageous for the industry. Suppliers of RFID technology have the opportunity to provide innovative products to a broader market, without facing significant barriers from competitors. Libraries have experienced advantages by avoiding exclusive partnerships with single suppliers, enabling them to select and combine solutions that align most effectively with their requirements[107].

The utilization of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology spans across various industries, thereby necessitating intricate standards in this domain. From a categorical perspective, RFID standards can be classified into the following categories: technical standards. Data content and coding standards. We adhere to a performance and consistency standard and strongly encourage the use of standardized practices. The topic of interest pertains to the standard electrical characteristics associated with RFID technology. This encompasses various aspects such as frequency, data formats, communication protocol, safety, testing, and application[240], [241].

The testing standards for information technology play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and performance of equipment. The ISO/IEC RFID standard system encompasses methods for testing equipment performance and conformance. These standards cover various aspects, including the testing criteria outlined in ISO/IEC 18000 [8] and the radio frequency identification protocol[242].

Information security standardization and management.

Ensuring information security is crucial for organizations and companies of all sizes, as it directly impacts the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their valuable information assets. The absence of information renders operations unfeasible, while the presence of accurate and timely information enables the execution of various tasks and facilitates informed decision-making. Anticipating future advancements in the field of information security is a challenging task. However, it is evident that there is a pressing need for ongoing enhancements in the standardization and management of information security. The rationale for this is evident: the implementation of standards and good practices is necessary not only for internal efficiency and partner confidence, but also due to regulatory requirements. Media reports have brought to light numerous instances of information security management negligence[189].

Standard software development process.

Process adaptation may be necessary to both implement a standardized approach within an organization or project and to adjust a process to accommodate changing situational contexts, which are considered to be inevitable. Therefore, it would be advantageous for the software engineering community to have access to a comprehensive knowledge base that can aid in our comprehension of the mapping between software processes and specific situations. The creation of such a resource necessitates significant contributions from experts in software process. Additionally, it would greatly benefit from the inclusion of field data obtained from companies pertaining to both phenomena[64].

Software professionals can utilize this resource to enhance their software process adaptive capability in order to effectively address changing situations, resulting in improved process optimization. However, it is important to note that there is a significant level of complexity involved in the interaction between situational contexts and software processes. Therefore, any efforts to understand and evaluate this relationship should be approached with caution and meticulous attention to detail, while also establishing a clearly defined scope. The subsequent incremental action could entail the identification of the more critical components of the software process and situational factors, with an attempt to model their interaction.

Future research could focus on improving understanding of the relationship between specific situational conditions and features of the software development process. It has been observed that typical software processes must be modified to be acceptable for specific contexts[243]. Process tailoring is a word used to describe the practice of "adjusting the definitions and/or particularizing the terms of general description to derive a description applicable to an alternate (less general) environment" [244].

It has been argued that the wide range of IT projects presents challenges in attempting to establish a standardized approach for their development processes. The notion of a singular size that can accommodate all individuals is inadequate. Frequently, departure from a conventional methodology is perceived as a flaw, as an undesirable concession (despite its inevitable occurrence)[245].

Continuous improvement of systems in maintenance using a proactive quality management:

It is imperative to acknowledge that the proposed processes, as outlined in the standard, encompass all activities ranging from software specification to discontinuation. It is worth noting that maintenance is carried out promptly upon receipt of requests, without any provision for proactive measures to identify problems based on received feedback.

In light of this gap, a process to assist businesses who work with softwares in the maintenance phase, with a different approach than traditional ones, acting proactively in problem management, thus treating feedbacks and software user perception, has been developed. The goal is to provide answers to queries such as, "Does the software meet the needs of end users?" Where can software and the development process be improved to maintain product quality?

Cybersecurity Standards technology and applications:

Cybersecurity Standards in the Context of Operating System: Practical Aspects, Analysis, and Comparisons:

The process of choosing security standards and deriving requirements from those standards within an organizational setting can be a laborious undertaking. Cybersecurity refers to the technological measures implemented to protect digital assets from unauthorized access and exploitation by malicious entities. The scope of these malevolent entities encompasses both individuals with authorized access to information systems and well-organized hacker collectives who possess significant motivation and resources, utilizing the internet as a medium to perpetrate attacks on said systems. The domain of cybersecurity is of growing importance due to our escalating reliance on computational devices[192], [246].

The application of multiple standards is limited due to the possibility that a single standard may not adequately meet the security requirements of a specific organization. Consequently, additional efforts are necessary to integrate and align multiple standards in order to address the security needs of these organizations.

Conclusions

The literary analysis has determined that a comprehensive study of Standardisation and ICT has been conducted. The distribution of employment opportunities has exhibited a consistent pattern of growth over the years. Standards play a crucial role in fostering innovation. In this review, we aim to explore the various advantages associated with standards implementation. 1. Enhancing the evaluation outcome of the research proposal. 2. Assessing the current state of the art through an analysis of existing standards. 3. Effectively disseminating research findings. 4. Initiating a global discourse on the research outcomes within an international network. 5. Promoting the adoption of innovative solutions in the market. 6. Ensuring market compatibility and interoperability. 7. Enabling extensive and targeted dissemination of research results. 8. Systematically documenting knowledge using a robust and well-established documentation system. Some individuals may lack a comprehensive understanding of the regulations set forth by standardization bodies, particularly in relation to accessing standards and the associated fees for participating in technical committees. It is believed that these concerns can be resolved by enhancing the governance and execution of standardization procedures. The issue of timing was brought up, as it has been observed that in the majority of projects, standardization efforts are initiated once significant progress has been made, rather than being incorporated into the project from the outset. While acknowledging its significance, the subject of ICT standardization and its methodologies continues to be challenging to comprehend for many individuals. It appears that this field is becoming progressively exclusive to professionals and continues to be enigmatic to those without expertise. Currently, there exists published research in this field; however, there is a lack of a comprehensive textbook that effectively presents the subject matter in a manner accessible to students seeking to gain a thorough understanding. We are of the opinion that there should be increased focus on standardization, particularly in the field of ICT. It is imperative to incorporate the principles of ICT standardization into classroom instruction to effectively impart essential knowledge to students regarding this significant field.